نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1402)

In 1956, Yahya al-Khashab and Sadegh Nashat translated the history of Beyhaqi into Arabic. The scientific and literary value of Beyhaqi's history among Persian and historical texts shows the necessity of evaluating and criticizing such a translation. Criticism of translation is one of the methods that is helpful in showing the quality level of translated texts. The purpose of this research is to criticize and evaluate the lexical equivalence of the translation of Beyhaqi history from the beginning to the end of Hasnak Vazir's story based on the semantic-lexical level of the Carmen Garces model. Definition, cultural or functional equivalent, assimilation, syntactic expansion, syntactic bill, and ambiguity are among the components of this level of the model that we will discuss in this research. This research makes it clear that the equivalence of the words and terms of the source text in the language of the target text has a wide range, and for this reason, most of the problems in the Arabic translation of Beyhaqi history are lexical. The translators have taken advantage of the assimilation and definition of all the elements to translate this ancient text. The non-uniformity of lexical equivalents can be seen throughout the text, and the translators' inattention to the time evolution of words and the hidden meanings and irony of Persian terms is the most important reason for the occurrence of lexical translation errors in this text.

Paradoxically, is one of the tricks of language that makes Defamiliarization and prominence in the word. This literary trick is one of the issues that in contemporary Persian poetry especially in poetry of Akhavan has been studied less. Therefore, in this paper, Using content analysis, the factors of emergence of paradox and its species is studied in Akhavan's P oetry. Research findings show that paradoxy Pictures and interpretations in poetry, other than literary value, link with his thoughts closely. Akhavan, with the help of paradoxy language and images reveals Many political and social issues, etc, That may not state explicitly. He use both of paradox- interpretation and combination- to convey his desired meanings. However, the Interpretative paradox Have a special status (high frequency) in his poetry. Keywords: contemporary Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales, paradox, political and social issues, romantic issues

contemporary poets Have devoted some of their poems to subject of Islamic Awakening. One of the issues that is being Considered globally and especially by the Islamic countries and societies is the accurate know edge of The dimentions of the Islamic Awakening as a new thought that has been brought up in recent decades. Said Matuq is amony the new and contemporary poets who has used poem as an expressive literary Genre to express his thoughts and ideas and to learn the Islamic Awakening as a valuable goal in his Society. He has used xeffective concepts which based Very on original values and explanation of national identity will smooth the way of Moslem people to eternal happiness or hereafter bliss. This research answers the guestion of which concepts exists in the Emirati poet Saeed Matuq which are positive for compre hensively streng thening of Awakening movement in the history of Islamic civilization. for this purpose the descriptive analytical method ased on he has been able to successfully reflect the political and social mood of his people and the other Islamic countries in the path to worship and awakening and anti-colonialism.

In the 1940s, after the Movje nov of Ahmadreza Ahmadi, a poetic movement called "other poetry" was formed, whose poets had a great desire for modernism, mysticism, norm avoidance, commitment avoidance, avoidance of literary traditions, naturalism, symbolism, and a kind of self-view. which grouped them in a common intellectual and rhetorical basis. Bijan Elahi, Bahram Ardabili, Hoshang Chalangi, Hamid Irfan and Hoshang Badiehneshin were among the most important poets of this group. In this research, the authors intend to analyze the components of other poems with a descriptive-analytical method and show each of these components in the poems of Bijan Elahi, Bahram Ardabili and Houshang Chalangi. According to the fact that each of the other poets have used different methods and methods, the writers have analyzed the components of other poems in the poem of the three poets have found it necessary and necessary to be able to analyze and analyze what is present in the works of poets of this group based on frequency. From the results of this research, it can be pointed out that the first group that gives white Persian poetry a mystical side is other poetry. has it. The desire for social symbolism and mixing it with mysticism is one of the other poetic techniques of this group of poets.

Haghaegh Al-Akhbar which is written by Mirza Jafar Khan Khormoji is one of the most important historical resources in Qajar’s era. Historians and researchers have often focused on the historiographical features of this work and have not paid much attention to its stylistic and linguistic features and place of this work in Qajar prose. Considering the importance of the discussion, knowing the linguistic and stylistic features of the book of Haghaeh al-Akhbar and its relationship with the historical prose of this period is a subject worthy of discussion, which requires a comprehensive and independent research to explain its dimensions. Therefore, this essay with its descriptive-analytical method tends to answer these questions: What were the stylistic and linguistic characteristics of Haghaeh al-Akhbar and what was its place among the prose and historical literature of the Qajar period? The findings show that Khormoji's stylistic and linguistic characteristics in Haghah al-Akhbar such as: the author's dominant tendency to simplistic writing, realism, while there are some prose and linguistic characteristics, the penetration of Turkish and Mongolian words, the use of Persian and Arabic proverbs and astronomical terms, the author's use of some literary arrays, the use of poems, Quranic verses and hadiths. It also shows that despite using some stylistic and linguistic features of the past texts, the author often kept his commitment to simple writing in different forms and by applying it in historiography, he created a fluent and He has created far from the usual artificial and complicated prose.

Research in Persian grammar books and representing their ways of expression and teaching following new educational theories can open the way for grammar writing and scientific education. The purpose of this research is evaluation the educational prose in Persian grammar books based on its communicative Competence. In this research, the data was collected in the form of a library, which was done by examining 9 Persian grammar books. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and by designing reviews based on the approach of applied linguistics and teaching instruction. Based on this, the characteristics of each of the basic theories were extracted and numbered as an index so that the findings can be inserted in front of them. According to the findings of the present research: Persian grammar books are written according to the structuralist or formalist descriptive order and in an analogical way. In none of them teaching grammar indicators such as context-oriented, considering form and meaning and function, concept-oriented, task-oriented, production-oriented, and paying attention to speech types, have not been the teaching criteria. In this text, the emphasis is on linguistic knowledge; No communication skills. According to this study, Persian grammar is not written based on the corpus of linguistic data.